The stages of tooth decay — and how each is treated

Tooth decay doesn’t happen overnight. It moves through stages, and the earlier it is found, the simpler the treatment.

Stage 1: white spot

Acid removes minerals from the enamel and a chalky white spot appears. There is no pain. Fluoride, better brushing and less frequent sugar can stop and even reverse it.

Stage 2: enamel cavity

The surface breaks and a small hole forms. It usually doesn’t hurt. A small tooth-coloured filling repairs it.

Stage 3: dentin

Decay reaches the softer layer under the enamel and spreads faster. Sensitivity to sweet or cold is common. A filling is still usually enough.

Stage 4: the nerve (pulp)

Bacteria reach the nerve, causing strong, lingering or night pain. Root canal treatment can save the tooth, often followed by a crown.

Stage 5: abscess

Infection spreads to the tip of the root and may cause swelling. Treatment is root canal or, if the tooth can’t be saved, extraction. Spreading swelling is an emergency — see dental emergency in Erbil.

How to prevent decay

• Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between teeth daily.
• Keep sweets and sugary drinks to mealtimes.
• Have regular check-ups — decay between teeth often only shows on an X-ray.

Move through every stage inside a tooth in the tooth decay explorer.